The educational and research structure at Kyushu University consists of research institutes as the research framework for faculty members and departments and graduate schools as the educational framework for students. The Faculty of Mathematics is home to about 50 faculty members engaged in the teaching and research of mathematics and related fields.

In addition to being in charge of all educational activities in the Department of Mathematics of the Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Mathematics, the Faculty of Mathematics is also engaged in a wide range of mathematics and mathematics-related education at Kyushu University. It teaches differential and integral calculus, linear algebra, and other essential courses to departments throughout the university. It also teaches specialized mathematics to the engineering departments and graduate-level mathematics to the Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering and the Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences.

In addition to instruction, the Faculty of Mathematics pursues high-level research covering mathematics and a broad range of specialized areas in mathematics-related fields. Its prolific research activities reflect its role as a prominent mathematics research site in Japan. The Faculty of Mathematics actively pursues research, education, and personnel exchanges with universities, research institutions, and corporations both inside and outside Japan.

In April, 2011, the Faculty of Mathematics has reorganized and separated into the Faculty of Mathematics and the Institute of Mathematics for Industry, composed of about 50 and 25 staff respectively. These two organizations are educationally responsible for the Graduate School of Mathematics.